Marketing Management Essays

Marketing Management Essays Marketing Management Essay Marketing Management Essay Essay Topic: Shane | You are here: * Home * Business * Small Business Information * Marketing * Marketing management Marketing/Marketing management Advertisement Expert:  Leo Lingham   10/7/2009 Question Sir could you please answer the following two questions for me? I need your help in answering these. PLease reply me as soon as possible. 1. Marketing management an artistic exercise and therefore highly subjective versus marketing management is largely a scientific excercise with well established guidelines and criteria 2. How does cause or corporate societal marketing affect consumers personal behavior? Clarify in context to the products and services you are using or planning to purchase. Answer SARA, HERE IS   SOME USEFUL   MATERIAL. REGARDS LEO LINGHAM ========================================= 1. Marketing management an artistic exercise and therefore highly subjective versus marketing management is largely a scientific excercise with well established guidelines and criteria MARKETING   MANAGEMENT   IS   A   SCIENTIFIC EXERCISE   WITH   ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES/ OBJECTIVES. SCOPE   Ã‚  OF   MARKETING   MANAGEMENT Establish   , direct, administer   and   coordinate the   overall product marketing programs   Ã‚  for   all   Ã‚  Products.. Strategically   plan for, develop   and profitably penetrate   the   markets to which   the   products, services   and   capabilities   of   the   company   can be directed. These   activities   include -studying economic indicators -tracking   changes in   supply   and   demand -identifying customers   and   their   current   and   future needs -monitoring the competition. ========================================================= THIS SCOPE   IS   Ã‚  THE RESULT   OF THE   FOLLOWING: * Analysis * Discussion * judgement Illustration * Decision ON   THESE   Ã‚  ELEMENTS. External Analysis 1. Customer Analysis Segments Motivations Unmet Needs 2. Competitor Analysis Identify Performance Image Objectives Strategies Strengths Weaknesses 3. Market Analysis Size Projected Growth Entry Barriers D istribution System Trends Key Success factors 4. Environmental Analysis Technology Government Regulations Economic Trend I A. Opportunities B. Threats C. Trends D. Others Customer/Market Segment Analysis SEGMENTATION Biggest Customers/Market Segments Profitable ones/Attractive Potential The purpose of differentiation is to set up own brands. This is the process that converses goods or services to a strong brand. Differentiation aims to ensure goods or services have different features and characteristics of a companys products. Differentiation focuses on the innovation of goods or services rather than the low price in competition. Because of the unique element of goods or services, producers can charge more prices but still have a lot of customers and get the customers appreciation. When there is no cost advantage to compete with low cost, differentiation becomes the only choice for enterprise to make a business viable and to develop a competitive market. The information acquired from market research is the necessary foundation necessary to establish a differentiation strategy. Using research results, you can specify a list of specific aspects of your brand different from competitors. Consider two light products, they are two unused products and the power are 100 watts. If you must buy one of them, which brand will you choose: Blue Sparks (U.S. $3) or White Heat ($ U.S2.5)? Customers seem unconscious of the difference between 2 products, which one is better? White Heat, of course, because this product is cheaper than 50 cents. The author will analyze this case below. Everyone expects good services come with your transaction. If you cannot provide good services, you cannot participate in competitive market today. Service quality is extremely difficult for competitors to imitate when they want, because the service is not an inanimate object. It is very hard to train employees so that they can always provide high quality services. It is also a difficult for your opponents if they want to copy your service quality. Doyle (1989) said that to build a successful brand, service is the important key to gain sustainable differential advantage. According to Barwise, P. (2004): There is a solution to make a differentiation: be better. There are some reasons to use service differentiation: First, service quality is very hard to achieve, you will probably success or fail when using this strategy. No doubt about the big achievement if it works, but there are too many factors beyond control. Thus, the use of service differentiation factor should only be done if you have the capacity to achieve a higher quality level of opponent and maintain good quality. Second, customers become more and more difficult; they have awareness that quality is required. As well as product quality, service quality is what customers expect you to automatically provide them. And the last one, using service differentiation is a great risk, because the brand has guaranteed to do something, they must do it seriously. If you guaranteea great service but this is not done, the result is actually very bad. Customers will know it and your business can break apart. Canons slogan is delighting you always which it means customers always feels excited when they take picture by this camera. Therefore, the employees will explain clearly to customers about the camera when they have problems. If the customers understand how to use it clearly, they will not have problems. This will makes customer comfortable with the service and they will come back again. It is the strategy that Canon has used to get more follow-up business. Viettel becomes largest telecom service provider with lots of promotion on prepay packet, post paid package, home phone and Internet, etc. Besides, the customer service is very good, when customers have any problems with product or service, the employee can help you. This 24-hour-a-day service provides a satisfaction to customers. Volvo brand around outstanding benefits: safety. They do everything possible to improve this characteristic. This success make their competitors recognize the importance of investing in safety features of the product. * Definition Kotler and Keller (2009) show that if you have better employees than the competitors, you will have more sustainable competitive advantage. A companys employees should not be overlooked, it will be a important turning-point to crush the competitors. Businesses have to spend time and money to choose good employees and train their skill to become better. A well-trained production staff will makes a better quality product or service. The businesses have to differentiate themselves to gain a competitive advantage through skillful employees who can serve customers with good characteristics: appearance, knowledge, intelligence, self restraint, honesty, courage, patience, empathy, competence, courtesy, credibility, reliability, responsiveness and communication. Herb Kelleher (1999), CEO of Southwest Airlines said that: competitors can do everything to imitate the tangibles. They may make same policies, same prices to compete with you. But they cannot copy is the spirit of your people. Gucci is the symbol of luxury goods, such as Gucci Loves New York handbag collection are sold out in 2 days. A lot of rich people think that these product can reflect their VIP lifestyle. For KFC product, people are familiar with the image of old man, white hair, wearing eyeglass. This image appears everywhere: supermarkets, stores, bars. Customer can easily identify this mage is belonged to KFC. Starbucks is a coffee brand which is evaluated very high by customers. They said that Starbuckss system is very warm and close. Its interior is quite special with a lot of sofas. In this report, the author has analyzed various techniques of differentiation. Differentiation in the current information age is really a great challenge for brand. All the differences can be copied and improved, that makes differentiation becomes obsolete. For this reason, business has to create major technical barriers with creative ways that many competitors cannot keep up or follow because the risk is too great. This can only be as the brand management and sensitivity to predict market trends to offer products and services completely distinct from competitors. That is the reason why you should create a breakthrough to add and improve the benefits of the product with the ultimate objective is to improve the competitiveness of products on the market.

A Profile of Teresa of Avila

A Profile of Teresa of Avila Like Catherine of Siena, the other woman named Doctor of the Church with Teresa of Avila  in 1970, Teresa also lived in turbulent times: the New World had been opened to exploration just before her birth, the Inquisition had been influencing the church in Spain, and the Reformation began two years after she was born in 1515 in vila in what is now known as Spain. Teresa was born into a well-to-do family, long established in Spain. Some 20 years before she was born, in 1485, under Ferdinand and Isabella, the Tribunal of the Inquisition in Spain offered to pardon conversos- Jews who had converted to Christianity- if they had secretly been continuing Jewish practices. Teresas paternal grandfather and Teresas father were among those who confessed and were paraded through the streets in Toledo as repentance. Teresa was one of ten children in her family. As a child, Teresa was pious and outgoing- sometimes a mixture that her parents couldnt handle. When she was seven years old, she and her brother left home planning to travel to Muslim territory to be beheaded. They were stopped by an uncle. Entering the Convent Teresas father sent her at 16 to the Augustinian Convent Sta. Maria de Gracia, when her mother died. She returned home when she fell ill, and spent three years there recovering. When Teresa decided to enter the convent as a vocation, her father at first refused his permission. In 1535, Teresa entered the Carmelite monastery at vila, the Monastery of the Incarnation. She took her vows in 1537, taking the name of Teresa of Jesus. The Carmelite rule required being cloistered, but many monasteries did not enforce the rules strictly. Many of the nuns of Teresas time lived away from the convent, and when at the convent, followed the rules rather loosely. Among the times Teresa left was to nurse her dying father. Reforming the Monasteries Teresa began experiencing visions, in which she received revelations telling her to reform her religious order. When she began this work, she was in her 40s. In 1562 Teresa of Avila founded her own convent. She re-emphasized prayer and poverty, coarse rather than fine materials for clothing, and wearing sandals instead of shoes. Teresa had the support of her confessor and others, but the city objected, claiming that they could not afford to support a convent that enforced a strict poverty rule. Teresa had the help of her sister and her sisters husband in finding a house to begin her new convent. Soon, working with St. John of the Cross and others, she was working to establish the reform throughout the Carmelites. With the support of the head of her order, she began to establish other convents that maintained the orders rule strictly. But she also met opposition. At one point her opposition within the Carmelites tried to get her exiled to the New World. Eventually, Teresas monasteries separated as the Discalced Carmelites (calced referring to the wearing of footwear). Writings of Teresa of Avila Teresa completed her autobiography in 1564, covering her life until 1562. Most of her works, including her Autobiography, were written at the demand of authorities in her order, to demonstrate that she was doing her work of reform for holy reasons. She was under regular investigation by the Inquisition, in part because her grandfather was a Jew. She objected to these assignments, wanting to work instead on the practical founding and managing of convents and the private work of prayer. But it is by those writings that we know her and her theological ideas. She also wrote, over five years, the Way of Perfection, perhaps her best-known writing, completing it in 1566. In it, she gave guidelines for reforming monasteries. Her basic rules required love of God and of fellow Christians, emotional detachment from human relationships for full focus on God, and Christian humility. In 1580, she completed another of her major writings, Castle Interior. This was an explanation of the spiritual journey of the religious life, using the metaphor of a many-roomed castle. Again, the book was widely read by suspicious Inquisitors- and this wide dissemination may have actually helped her writings achieve a wider audience. In 1580, Pope Gregory XIII formally recognized the Discalced Reform order Teresa had begun. In 1582, she completed another book of guidelines for the religious life within the new order, Foundations. While in her writings she intended to lay out and describe a path to salvation, Teresa accepted that individuals would find their own paths. Death and Legacy Teresa of Avila, known also as Teresa of Jesus, died at Alba in October of 1582 while attending a birth. The Inquisition had not yet completed its investigations of her thought for possible heresy at the time of her death. Teresa of Avila was declared a Patroness of Spain in 1617 and was canonized in 1622, at the same time as Francis Xavier, Ignatius Loyola, and Philip Neri. She was made a Doctor of the Church- one whose doctrine is recommended as inspired and in accord with church teachings- in 1970.

Sport and Exercise Psychology 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sport and Exercise Psychology 2 - Essay Example One of the most consistent findings within this vast research literature is the variability in well-being that people exhibit when they experience stressful life events. Constructs like vulnerability and resiliency reflect attempts to identify social, situational, and individual difference variables that either increase or decrease the likelihood that people will exhibit negative reactions to stressful events (Block & Block, 39–101, 2000; Compas, 393–403, 2000; Garmezy, 196–269, 2003; Kessler & McLeod, 620–631, 2003; Rutter, 389–395, 2000). Research on vulnerability and resiliency factors was stimulated in part by low and inconsistent relations between life events and outcome measures. Although statistically significant relations between negative life events and self-report measures of physical and psychological well-being have frequently been reported, seldom has more than 10–15% of the outcome variance been accounted for in studies using prospective designs. When objective outcome measures of physical well-being have been used, thereby eliminating the potential role of self-report biases, the amount of variance accounted for has shrunk to 1–5% (Rabkin & Streuning 389–395, 2004; Schroeder & Costa 389–395, 2003). Faced with a pattern of weak and inconsistent results, researchers have sought to identify psychosocial moderator variables that might affect the nature and magnitude of relations between life stress and well-being. Many studies have demonstrated that taking into account factors suc h as social support and certain personality variables results in stronger relations between life stress and both psychological and medical outcome measures (e.g., Barrera 389–395, 2002; Sarason, Sarason, Potter, & Antoni 389–395, 2003; Smith, Johnson, & Sarason, 188-235, 2003; Stone, Helder, & Schneider 389–395, 2002; Thoits

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article Analysis - Essay Example In business, threat of substitutes always can negatively impact sales and profit when there are alternative gaming options (mobile games) at a lower price. Lower price increases demand along the law of demand. If PC game availability increased during a period where demand for old EA games is low, it would lead to an EA game surplus and the company would not be able to offset the costs of manufacture when consumers are not demanding these products. At the same time, lower-priced mobile games are more attractive to consumers when referencing the law of demand and it is likely that many consumer segments would turn toward mobile gaming as an alternative. As a result, sales and revenues would decline and profit would be reduced as EA attempted to offset production costs for increasing supply of PC games that are not selling. Marketing theory indicates that consumers are drawn to innovations such as the Xbox One and PlayStation 4. Even though demand is less than expected for these innovative products, as a matter of high pricing, consumers are not interested in older consoles such as the PS3. The PS3 and the Xbox 360 are entering a decline stage along the product life cycle which will, long-term, increase sales of the new gaming consoles. It is likely when price declines on the new consoles that consumers will begin demanding these new innovations in higher

Understanding Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Understanding Prejudice Essay What exactly is the meaning of prejudice, and what does being prejudiced mean? Prejudice is a big word with a very deep meaning. Indeed, a lot of people may not know the true sense of it and how it affects people in the society. People live in a world that is full of prejudice. It is considered as one of the negative social phenomenons and one of the main sources of problems in the world. Prejudice denotes making or predisposition to make a decision or judgment before one becomes aware of the relevant truth of a certain case or scenario. For instance, people may have heard others saying things about a certain group of individuals such as â€Å"all black people are†¦. ,† â€Å"all white people are†¦. ,† â€Å"people in third world countries are†¦,† etc. (Breen, 2006). People may think that prejudice only refers to racial prejudice that is usually directed towards people with light or dark skin. However, I have learned that prejudice has a deeper meaning than discrimination against people of a certain race or color. Rather, prejudice can also be a result of one’s gender and geographical, religious, and cultural backgrounds. Every person also has his or her own way of being prejudiced. For example, one can judge somebody by the way he or she dresses and talks or even by his or her appearance. Thus, prejudice can come from different sources such as peers, parents, school, and public organization. At the same time, it can also be directed to various types of people. There are also many different kinds of prejudice that exist in our society today. Some of them may be observed in school, at home, or even in the television. For this reason, discrimination, racism, sexism, and other forms of social problems exist in the world we live in. Hence, it is not fair and also very sad that prejudice is a widely pervasive phenomenon in the world. (Breen, 2006). It is always inevitable to become prejudiced. There are a lot of reasons why people become prejudiced. It is a fact that one can learn it from home; parents often do not recognize that they are being an example to their children. If parents are prejudiced, then it is most likely that the child will also become one because that is what he or she observes from his or her parents. Children may also become prejudiced if parents directly teach or tell the former to perceive somebody or some things in the society in a certain way. That is why at a very young age, many children start to become prejudiced already and start to judge people and things by what they believe and think of them. They also become prejudiced due to the environment that they grow up in, the school and the neighborhood that they get involved in or witnesses. The media also plays a role in influencing people to become prejudiced. The effect on prejudice of television shows and films is very substantial. There are just so many ways on how people can become prejudiced, and it is very alarming that it has become one common source of misunderstandings, fights, and disputes all over the world (Breen, 2006). It is very hard to stop prejudice; however, it can be lessened if people would try not to be judgmental on simple things that they see and observe in their environment. Proper or right education must be imposed to children especially at home and in school in order to stop prejudice and so that people will eventually look at one another without making negative judgments. On the other hand, it would be very difficult to stop this social phenomenon as prejudice has become already part of the society. In conclusion, prejudice is an attitude that is based on generalizations and stereotypes. It is very astounding how easy it is for an individual to become prejudiced on somebody or something. Nevertheless, prejudice is merely a kind of thinking or a feeling in an individual’s mind. While people will never abolish the existence of prejudice in the society, it can be lessened and prevented if everyone will just start to cooperate and make an effort in reducing it. I believe that working hand in hand toward a common objective or goal can bring different groups of people all together, regardless of their age, race and sex. Reference Breen, R. (2006). Real Life Issues: Prejudice. Great Britain: Trotman Company Limited.

Smallpox Blankets during the French Indian War :: Smallpox Disease

A different perspective on a smallpox epidemic during the French and Indian War appears in Andrew J. Blackbird's History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. Blackbird, Chief Mack-e-te-be-nessy, was a member of a distinguished Ottawa family from the northwest shore of the Michigan lower peninsula. He wrote his History late in life, after a long career in education, politics, and public service. Blackbird's book, like many similar autoethnographic texts, is a combination of autobiography, history, ethnography, and polemic. He opens with a conventional reference to inaccuracy in current histories. In the course of correcting the record he relates the story, preserved by elders of his nation, of a smallpox epidemic during the height of the French and Indian War, about 1757. Blackbird's story is unique because of the unusual disease vector. It was a notable fact that by this time [1763] the Ottawas were greatly reduced in numbers from what they were in former times, on account of the small-pox which they brought from Montreal during the French war with Great Britain. This small pox was sold to them shut up in a tin box, with the strict injunction not to open the box on their way homeward, but only when they should reach their country; and that this box contained something that would do them great good, and their people! The foolish people believed really there was something in the box supernatural, that would do them great good. Accordingly, after they reached home they opened the box; but behold there was another tin box inside, smaller. They took it out and opened the second box, and behold, still there was another box inside of the second box, smaller yet. So they kept on this way till they came to a very small box, which was not more than an inch long; and when they opened the last one they found nothing but mouldy particles in this last little box! They wondered very much what it was, and a great many closely inspected to try to find out what it meant. But alas, alas! pretty soon burst out a terrible sickness among them. The great Indian doctors themselves were taken sick and died. The tradition says it was indeed awful and terrible. Every one taken with it was sure to die.

Tech Cert Bus Admin Principles Unit

These may lead to increased sales of products or services or to n increase in the red tape which can add to the administrative burden on the organization Other changes will be decided on by the senior management of the organization. These may include: L] Merging the organization with another, buying new companies or changing the ownership of the organization. This will usually lead to major changes at the highest level in the short term which will, inevitably, lead to changes throughout the organization over a period of time CLC Relocation or the introduction of new strategies to increase sales or reduce costs in order to increase profitsSome changes are introduced as a reaction to: CLC The introduction of new products and services. This may be in terms of products and services which your organization is able to provide, increasing sales or which they can use to reduce costs CLC Loss Of revenue. This may result from a reduction in volume of sales or a reduction in the selling price C ] A review of the organization's sales. This may be in response to the loss of revenue CLC Rising costs. These may be outside of the organization's control such as rent or taxes or controllable such as staff costs or travel expenses -3-Many of the above will lead to changes in procedures and systems and a review of working methods. The introduction of new technology may also have a major effect on the organization. Organizations may need to review the products or choices they supply in order to increase profitability or to continually improve their offer. Products and services may also change in response to: The introduction of new technology Customer feed back The arrival of new competitors Changing markets Changing legislation Economic factors Loss of sales It is important that people involved in the changes are motivated and purported during the early stages.Making sure everybody is involved and given the opportunity to contribute to changes, where possible, will help them to tak e ownership of the change. Whether individuals can contribute or not, it is essential to communicate information about the change effectively and obtain feedback as soon as information is available in order to prevent gossip and misinformation spreading. Where individuals may incur financial loss, such as by needing to relocate, information on how the organization will deal with this needs to be passed on.Where changes will affect individuals' roles, the new roles and objectives need to be identified and the reasons for the change explained and agreed. If there are changes to the systems and procedures they carry out, a training needs analysis should be completed; again, this should be done as soon as information is available in order to reassure staff that their employment is secure. New systems will need a mixture of skills and experience which will require individuals to work with others that they may not previously have worked with.This will lead to the bringing forward of more ideas and may require the introduction Of new talent to the team. When the change is in place, it is important to recognize individuals' success in dealing with or implementing the change. People will need reassurance that they can cope with the new procedures or structure as well as they coped with the old. Encouraging staff to support their colleagues or team members through the change is also important.People who see change as positive can be used to encourage others, while those who insist on seeing only the negative side can be offered stress management. Responding positively to change reduces workplace stress and can lead to opportunities to gain new skills, the possibility of promotion and encourages the facing of new challenges which will help to build self-confidence. Positive behavior in the face of change involves: Contributing ideas. You can influence changes and reduce their impact on your own situation by putting forward suggestions of your own D Communicating problems .If you identify that the proposed change will present problems which you believe have not been taken into account, let the appropriate person know as soon as possible as this may prevent problems occurring later C] Supporting decisions for improvement. If you can see the benefits of the change, make it known that you are in favor and why C] Supporting others and requesting support when you need it Seeing the change through will be much easier if everybody is committed to helping each other C] Seeing change as new challenges and embracing new opportunities.

Comparing and Contrast curriculum models

Comparing and Contrast curriculum models In early childhood education, we model our programs after highly respected models such as, Montessori, High Scope, and Reggie Emilia, Creative Curriculum, etc. We all have our own approaches to education. In the following paragraphs I will summarize two curriculum models, compare and contrast two of the curriculum models and compare the one that best matches my own educational philosophy.High/Scope curriculum is based on Piaget's concept that children are asctive learners who construct their knowledge base through playing and experimenting ith hands-on materials (Segal, Bardige, Wolka, ; Leinfelder, 2006). This curriculum framework describes educational ideas and strategies but does not rely on a specific set of materials.The five basic principles that form the framework of the Hlgh/Scope Curriculum are active learning, supportive adult-child interactions, a materials-rich learning environment, a consistent daily routine, and ongoing child ass essment. The Hlgh/Scope educational programming Includes the following elements: a core curriculum that includes specific elements but encourages following children's nterests, a three-phase â€Å"plan-do-review† learning cycle, and assessment tools and strategies (Follarl, 2007).

Free Essays on Phoenix Jackson, Walking The Worn Path

Phoenix speaks to another character in the book, a parting premonition that the struggle is going to last. Much like the incident with the hunter, Phoenix reiterates here that conflicts are just stones in the road, obstacles in the path.† (The Explicator pg. 153) You get a sense that this story really has happened and that perhaps it could be being told by her grandson sometime in t... Free Essays on Phoenix Jackson, Walking The Worn Path Free Essays on Phoenix Jackson, Walking The Worn Path The short story â€Å"A Worn Path† displays a classic example of the Christ like figure, willing to give it all up for another. This work of interpretive literature makes the reader fill in the blanks of whether or not grandma Phoenix’s grandson will recover, whether grandma Phoenix will return home safely, and a host of other issues. â€Å"A Worn Path† is a piece of interpretive literature that offers great details about the character and the world that surrounds them. The interpretive nature of â€Å"A Worn Path† adds to the mystery and story telling of the tale. While the main character, Phoenix Jackson, is a very likeable character she has many faults, her lack of education, old age, and unattractiveness. Grandma Jackson’s noble pursuit of medicine for her grandson makes the reader examine what he or she is doing with their lives. You can tell how much she cares for her grandson as she remembers why she made the trip in this quote â€Å"My little grandson, he sit up there in the house all wrapped up, waiting by himself,† Phoenix went on. â€Å"We is the only two left in the world. He suffer and it don’t seem to put him back at all. He got a sweet look. He going to last. He wear a little patch quilt and peep out holding his mouth open like a little bird. I remembers so plain now. I not going to forget him again, no, the whole enduring time. I could tell him from all the others in creation.† (A Worn Pa th, pg. 182) A critic has an interesting take on the final conversation in the story, â€Å"The adoration of her grandson are the final words Phoenix speaks to another character in the book, a parting premonition that the struggle is going to last. Much like the incident with the hunter, Phoenix reiterates here that conflicts are just stones in the road, obstacles in the path.† (The Explicator pg. 153) You get a sense that this story really has happened and that perhaps it could be being told by her grandson sometime in t...

Adjectives and Adverbs Guide

Adjectives and Adverbs Guide Adjectives and Adverbs Guide Adjectives and Adverbs Guide By Mark Nichol This post discusses two categories of parts and speech key to helping writers describe things and actions. Adjectives An adjective is a word or a combination of two or more words that modify or provide additional information about a noun. There are three general uses of adjectives: attributive, predicate, and nominal. An attributive adjective generally precedes the noun it modifies, as with broken in â€Å"a broken heart.† (One type of attributive adjective is a noun adjunct, a noun that functions as an adjective when it modifies another noun, as with kitchen in â€Å"kitchen counter.†) However, the noun may precede the adjective in the case of a postpositive adjective (also called a postnominal adjective), which occurs when the adjective is itself modified by an adverbial phrase, as in â€Å"a heart broken for the last time† and in phrases borrowed from other languages (such as â€Å"heir apparent†) and archaic or poetic usage (as in â€Å"forest primeval†). A predicate adjective is connected to a preceding noun by a linking verb, as with curious in â€Å"children are curious,† and a nominal adjective is one that functions as a noun substitute. This may occur in reference to a collective group when the noun is implied, as in â€Å"the wealthy,† or in the case of a superlative such as â€Å"the biggest,† or when a noun is elided rather than repeated (â€Å"I’ll wear the red shirt, and you wear the green†). Determiners are a category of words formerly considered by linguists as adjectives but now classified as a distinct part of speech, though dictionaries still identify them as a type of adjective. Examples of determiners that resemble adjectives in use include demonstrative determiners such as this and that, distributive determiners such as each and any, interrogative determiners such as what and which, possessive determiners such as my and their, quantifying determiners such as few and many, and numbers. Phrasal adjectives, modifying phrases that precede or follow a noun, are usually hyphenated, when they precede the noun, to emphasize their combination, as in â€Å"hardest-working employee,† but not when they follow (â€Å"the employee who is the hardest working†). Exceptions are made for permanent phrasal adjectives (such as cost-effective) that appear in the dictionary; these retain hyphenation after a noun. (Also, adjectival compounds beginning with self, such as self-respecting, are always hyphenated.) Likewise, omit hyphens in standing phrasal adjectives such as â€Å"post office† that are not hyphenated in their dictionary entries (post office employee). A source of hyphenation error is when a noun phrase that often appears as a phrasal adjective, such as â€Å"long term,† is hyphenated. Hyphenation is correct in a phrasal adjective before a noun (â€Å"a long-term plan†), but such a term is open not only after a noun (â€Å"a plan that is long term†) but also in isolation as a noun phrase (â€Å"in the long term†). Also, take care with comparative and superlative adjectives used in phrases such as â€Å"more punitive measures.† When â€Å"more punitive† is not hyphenated, more means â€Å"additional.† However, when a hyphen is employed, the phrase means â€Å"punitive to a greater degree.† Phrasal adjectives may include more than two words, as in â€Å"happy-go-lucky attitude,† but strings of more than three words are inadvisable, especially when they consist of a train of nouns employed as adjectives, such as in â€Å"data leakage prevention strategy.† Technically, the first three words, which together modify strategy, should be hyphenated (â€Å"data-leakage-prevention strategy†) to aid in reader comprehension (otherwise, the reader may not recognize the intended relationship until the last word is reached and may have to backtrack to understand the phrase), but such usage is cumbersome; it is often better to rephrase the term (for example, â€Å"strategy to prevent data leakage†). Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb or another part of speech to describe what, when, where, why, or how an action occurs; adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses also perform this function. The term adverb most familiarly applies to words ending in -ly that without the suffix serve as adjectives, such as lively, as in â€Å"They watched the lively performance.† However, many adverbs lack the suffix, as when they refer to location (for example, up or there), time (soon or today), frequency (seldom or daily), and so on. In addition, adverbs may be flat, meaning that they are root forms of -ly adverbs. These often appear on their own in informal contexts (as with quick in â€Å"Run quick to the store†) but may also appear in adverbial phrases, as in â€Å"quick-acting compound.† (Note that adverbial phrases are distinguished from phrasal adjectives in that they usually do not include hyphens- hyphenation in such phrases as â€Å"privately held† is erroneous. Those with flat adverbs are an exception.) Adverbs also modify parts of speech other than verbs. For example, in â€Å"quite annoying,† the adverb quite modifies the adjective annoying, and in â€Å"very quietly,† one adverb modifies another. The adverb only may modify a noun (â€Å"She drinks water only†), and adverbs modify prepositional phrases (in â€Å"I was almost up the stairs,† almost modifies not was but â€Å"up the stairs†) and clauses or even entire sentences (as in the case of actually in â€Å"Actually, they are on their way now†). Adverbs that modify an entire sentence rather than a verb or another part of speech are called sentence adverbs. Often, they begin a sentence, as actually does in the example in the previous sentence, or as often does in this sentence you are reading, though they may appear in the midst of a sentence or, as a tag following a comma (or, sometimes, a dash) at the end of a sentence. Many sentence adverbs, such as clearly, fortunately, and regrettably, signal that the sentence represents the writer’s opinion or at least conveys a bias. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†How Do You Determine Whether to Use Who or Whom?

Theories essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theories - Essay Example In regards to the theories, artists will use a piece of the previous artworks so that they can achieve success in their latest artwork (Schmidhuber, 2012). This makes a pattern that identifies the artist. See Apendix 1. The sociocultural theories are used when considering if the piece of art has cultural and value systems. This theory is used to look at the environmental conditions that may have influenced the piece of art. It also checks how the economy is a factor while creating the piece of art. The economic condition of the artist while producing the piece of art bares a huge influence on the final piece. It also explores the possibility of political conditions during the production of the piece. This theory takes a more physiological approach. The theory dates back to the Russian revolution. The theory is closely associated with the Russian psychologist Les s. Vygotksy. He stated that the social design of regrets is the main influence on an artwork. The personal, social design and regrets come second The expressive theories investigate if the artist tried to express his personality on the art piece or he expressed the views of the world. This theory was created out of the Romantic Movement. This crashed with the classifications which placed an individual at the center of the artwork. The theory states that good art should show the artists emotions and felling successfully. The art piece should communicate these feelings to the ones looking at the piece well. The today’s definition of art has been derived from this particular theory (Bourne, 2001). A good piece of art should be able to express all these theories successfully. These theories are used to classify paintings and deduct reason from them. They help in understanding what the artist was thinking about while making the painting. All the three theories have different dimensions and each dimension applies to a specific painting so as to make a good analysis. For example the